Characterization of Bio-oil from Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell in a fixed-bed reactor was studied in this paper. The objectives were to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on the products yield and to characterize the bio-oil product. In order to get the optimum pyrolysis parameters on bio-oil yield, temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C and particle sizes of 212–300 μm, 300–600 μm, 600μm–1.18 mm and 1.18–2.36 mm under a heating rate of 50 °C min -1 were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.40% at 450 °C with a heating rate of 50 °C min -1 and a nitrogen sweep gas flow rate of 50 ml min -1 . The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by oxygenated species. The phenol, phenol, 2-methoxyand furfural that were identified by GCMS analysis are highly suitable for extraction from the bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils need to be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.